History of Coffee

The History of coffee: from its origins to today.

The history of coffee is certainly a fascinating epic, since it traces the journey that its famous and renowned beans have taken through the centuries across the globe. At times smuggled or stolen from royalties and nobles, coffee is one of the products that would have irreversibly changed the global economy.

Coffee, in fact, is one of the world's most highly-consumed beverages, enjoyed by millions daily. Its rich history spans centuries and continents, from ancient Ethiopia to modern-day cafés worldwide. To find out where coffee comes from, as well as some interesting coffee trivia and historical facts, keep on reading.

The Origins: Who Discovered Coffee?

While coffee is known to have originated in the ancient highlands of Ethiopia, the story of its discovery is one steeped in. An ancient Ethiopian legend dating back to 700 A.D. narrates that coffee grown worldwide can be traced back to the ancient coffee forests on the Abyssinian plateau.

According to folklore, a goat herder named Kaldi noticed his goats becoming unusually energetic after eating the red berries from a certain tree. Curious, Kaldi tried the berries himself and experienced a similar burst of energy. Excited by his discovery, he took the berries to a local monastery, where monks used them to create a drink that helped them stay awake during long hours of prayer. The energising effect of those berries began to spread, reaching the Middle East and the Arabian Peninsula first. Quickly thereafter, it began its gradual journey across the globe.

Another version of the legend claims that Kaldi shared these beans with a monk who, at first, disapproved of their use and threw them into the fire. Surprisingly, the result was a wonderful and pleasing aroma leading to the first roasted coffee of all time. Shortly after, the beans were grounded and boiled to produce a beverage which had to be pretty similar to what nowadays we know as coffee.

While the exact details of coffee's discovery remain uncertain, its origin is firmly rooted in the Ethiopian region of Kaffa. From there, coffee spread to the Arabian Peninsula, where it began to be cultivated and traded.

Best Historical Facts About Coffee

THE EARLY TRADE AND SPREAD OF COFFEE

By the 15th century, coffee had reached the Arabian Peninsula, specifically Yemen. It was here that coffee cultivation and trade truly began. Yemeni traders brought coffee beans back from Ethiopia, and Sufi monasteries in Yemen adopted the beverage to aid their long prayer sessions.

COFFEE’S INTRODUCTION TO EUROPE

Coffee had made its way to Europe by the 17th century, before the primary beverage of choice, even for breakfast, was beer, since the water supply of that time was too polluted to drink. Therefore, people were often experiencing a constant state of inebriation.

At the same time, the first European coffee house opened in Venice in 1645. Coffee houses, known as "penny universities" in England, became hubs of intellectual and social activity. Even prominent figures like Ludwig van Beethoven were known for their coffee preferences, with Beethoven famously insisting on using exactly 60 beans for each cup.

ORIGINS OF COFFEEHOUSE CULTURE

In the Ottoman Empire, coffeehouses were known as "qahveh khaneh" and served as important social and cultural centres. These establishments were not just for drinking coffee but also for discussing politics, engaging in debates, enjoying music and performances.

THE INVENTION OF THE ESPRESSO

The modern espresso machine was invented in Torino, Italy in the early 20th century. Angelo Moriondo is credited with creating the first espresso machine in 1884, revolutionising how coffee was brewed and consumed around the world.

Traditions in Different Parts of the World

Coffee has become an integral part of many cultures, each with its unique traditions and methods of preparation. Here are some of the most curious and peculiar coffee traditions from around the world.

ETHIOPIA

In Ethiopia, the birthplace of coffee, the Buna is the traditional coffee ceremony. This ritual involves roasting raw coffee beans, grinding them, and brewing the coffee in a traditional pot called a "jebena." The ceremony is a social event, often accompanied by conversation and communal bonding.

TURKEY

Turkish coffee is renowned for its strong flavour and unique preparation method. Finely ground coffee beans are simmered in a pot called a "cezve," often with sugar and cardamom. The resulting brew is thick and robust, served in small cups where the grounds settle at the bottom.

MOROCCO

The Moroccan Nous Nous is to be considered as another delight: meaning "half and half” and served in small glasses with a drop of sugar that makes it sweeter, it combines a strong brewed espresso and a glass of heated frothy milk.

ITALY

Italy is synonymous with espresso, a strong and concentrated coffee made by forcing hot water through finely-ground coffee beans. Italians typically enjoy their espresso at cafés, while standing at the bar. The culture of "coffee to go" is less common in Italy, where coffee drinking is often a leisurely and social activity.

GREECE

Greek Frappé is another popular option. As symbol of the post-war Greek coffee culture, it consists in an easy-to-make instant ice coffee served in a tall glass topped by foam. All you need to brew is instant coffee, sugar, milk, water and ice cubes.

JAPAN

In Japan, coffee culture blends traditional tea ceremonies with modern influences. Japanese syphon coffee, brewed using a vacuum pot, is celebrated for its theatrical preparation and delicate flavour. In recent years, Japan has also embraced the third-wave coffee movement, focusing on high-quality beans and artisanal brewing methods.

LATIN AMERICA

Latin America can actually provide several different varieties when it comes to serving coffee.

• Café de Olla, brewed with dark roasted ground coffee, raw sugar, cinnamon and other spices, is really popular in Mexico, where it is served in a cup with an orange peel.

• Being an icon of the Cuban cultural lifestyle, coffee is highly appreciated.A Café Cubano is a tasty espresso shot including a thick layer of sweetened cream.

• While visiting Colombia, you can instead taste a delightful Café con leche, a quick and easy version of Coffee with milk prepared with freshly ground coffee beans and heated milk.

• Café Lagrima is considered an art in Argentinian cafes and turns out to be perfect for those who prefer less strong coffee, since it consists of an espresso cup filled with milk and stained with a drop of coffee.

BRAZIL

As one of the world's largest coffee producers, Brazil has a deep-rooted coffee culture. "Cafezinho," a small, strong cup of coffee, is a staple in Brazilian households and social gatherings. Coffee is often enjoyed black or with a small amount of sugar.

Australia's coffee history.

19th century

According to the National Geographic, coffee came to Australia on the first fleet in 1788, but as traditional tea drinkers, it would be almost a century before coffee became part of Australian culture. Moving into the 1870s, coffee became popular due to the fashionable rise of Parisian coffee shops and the lobbying of the Temperance Movement, a movement of Christian women who protested anti-social drunken behaviour.

Australia has a distinct coffee culture. The coffee industry has grown from independent cafes since the early 20th century.

Late 20th century – today

After the Second World War, Italian immigrants were the first to bring espresso machines to Australia.

Café culture first flourished in Leichhardt in Sydney due to its high concentration of Italian immigrants Several Italian coffee names were eventually switched, with the caffè lungo the long black and the espresso becoming the short black.

In 1952, the first espresso machines began to appear in Australia, and many fine Italian coffee houses were emerging in Melbourne and Sydney. Pellegrini's Espresso Bar and Legend Café often lay claim to being Melbourne's first "real" espresso bars, opening their doors in 1954 and 1956 respectively. This decade also saw the establishment of one of Australia's most iconic coffee brands, Vittoria, which remains the country's largest coffee maker and distributor. The brand has existed in Australia since 1958, well before it moved to the US

The flat white, regarded as Australia's greatest culinary export, may trace its origins to Australia and New Zealand in the 1980s. Its popularity has since expanded to other countries, gaining traction in the UK and the US. It consists of a shot of espresso with a larger ratio of froth and steamed milk. It first became popular in Australia in the 1990s and its invention is claimed by a Sydneysider.The flat white has since become a classic for Sydneysiders. The iconic Greek cafés of Sydney and Melbourne were the first to introduce locally roasted coffees in 1910. Melbourne is sometimes  called the "coffee capital of the world" with its plethora of cafés and roasteries.

Local taste and characteristics
Australians tend to prefer less sugary coffee, opting for pure rather than sugary variants.  Australian café culture is said to emphasise the quality of the beverage, in addition to the quality of the coffee making process. Speciality coffee is in demand in Australia, with numerous boutique cafés. Such coffees include innovations in both the roasting and brewing processes.

95% of Australian cafes are independently owned establishments

At present, international coffee chains such as Starbucks have very little market share in Australia.  Australia's long-established independent cafés compete with homegrown franchises such as The Coffee Club, Michel's Patisserie, Dôme in Western Australia, and Zarraffas Coffee in Queensland. One reason for this is that unlike the United States and Asia, Australia has for many decades had an established local culture of independent cafés before coffee chains tried to enter the market. Australians are more focused on the speciality coffee culture, focusing on sourcing fresh coffee beans, roasting properly, and brewing the best coffee.

Ristretto is a coffee beverage with a smoother flavour because of its higher concentration.  Australian iced coffee uses a cold brew instead of hot espresso. The Australian iced coffee does not involve blending, and may incorporate different local flavours, ice creams and syrups.

Coffee industry in Australia

The Australian coffee industry generates US$5.8 billion in revenue per year.

Australia currently produces a small volume of speciality coffee, harvesting up to 600 tonnes of green beans from about 850 000 trees every year.

Coffee is grown in two main areas in Australia, northern New South Wales and Queensland, due to the subtropical climate of these regions. In the 1870s an experimental coffee plantation was established at Waggrakine, Western Australia, but failed within three years due to the unsuitable climate.